Vulvar Cancer

Diagnosis

The earlier a cancer is found, the better the chance for successful treatment. During a pelvic exam, your doctor will observe your vulva with a magnifying device (colposcope) and take a sample of any suspicious-looking tissue for examination under a microscope (biopsy).

If your tissue contains cancer cells, a gynecologic oncologist will coordinate your treatment. At Mayo Clinic, experienced gynecologic oncologists consider your personal and medical needs when developing a treatment plan.

Cancer staging

Once you have a diagnosis, your doctor will order more tests to determine whether your cancer has spread to other parts of your body. This process is called staging, and it helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment. Vulvar cancer stages include:

• Stage 0. Precancerous cells, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), are present.
• Stage I. The cancer cells are within the vulva or perineum. Your doctor may classify your cancer as Stage IA or IB depending on the size of the cancer and how deeply it has invaded underlying connective tissue.
• Stage II. The cancer has spread to the opening to your bladder (urethra), your lower vagina or your anus.
• Stage III. Your cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes on one or both sides of your groin.
• Stage IV. Your cancer has spread further, generally to other organs. Your doctor may classify your cancer as stage IVA or IVB depending on which part(s) of your body the cancer has invaded.