Vaginal Cancer

Diagnosis

Mayo Clinic doctors diagnose vaginal cancer by careful examination of the vagina and cervix using a magnifying lens (colposcopy) and collection and examination of cells (biopsy) of tissue that may be cancerous. A doctor performs complete physical and pelvic exams to determine whether the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. The doctor may recommend other tests including:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This test uses magnetic energy to generate highly detailed images of your anatomy, including tumors.
• CT scan. A CT scan generates two-dimensional images of your body and can show whether the cancer has spread.
• Positron emission tomography scan (PET). A PET scan defines areas with altered blood supply and can help to identify cancer.
• Ultrasound. Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce precise images of structures within your body.
• Cystoscopy and proctoscopy. In these tests, your doctor uses a special instrument (cystoscope) to look at the bladder, rectum and other organs near the vagina to see if the cancer has spread.

Precancerous changes to your vagina and early vaginal cancer may have no symptoms, but your doctor can usually detect them through regular gynecologic exams and Pap smears. If you notice abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after intercourse) or discharge, pain during intercourse or urination, constipation, pelvic discomfort or a mass, you should see a doctor. Noncancerous conditions may have similar symptoms.

Read more about MRI, CT scan, ultrasound and cystoscopy at MayoClinic.com.