Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations

Diagnosis

Three main tests are used to diagnose AVMs:

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

This combines an X-ray device and a computer. X-rays are taken of the spinal cord, and this information is fed into a computer which transforms the data into a picture. In some cases, the patient is injected with a special dye to highlight abnormal tissue. A CT scan often gives doctors a good idea of the AVM's location. It can also help doctors detect swelling, bleeding and other associated conditions.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRI/MRA)

These tests are even more sensitive in showing the AVM vessels. MRI also provides information about the exact location of the AVM, which is very important for treatment planning and risk assessment. This procedure uses equipment that contains a magnetic field and radio energy; no X-rays are involved. Magnetic signals are fed into a computer which assembles a picture.

Angiography

This is the most accurate and best way to diagnose an AVM and locate the feeding arteries and draining veins. An angiogram is a X-ray movie of blood flowing through blood vessels. An angiogram is made by injecting a contrast dye into the arteries going into the spine and taking a series of X-rays films. A thin tube is inserted into an artery in the groin. This tube is threaded toward the spine to the blood vessels. An AVM appears as tangled blood vessels. Doctors can see the location and size of the AVM.