Oral Tongue Cancer

Diagnosis

After the initial interview with a patient, the physician may take a small sample of tissue (biopsy) for laboratory analysis. Experienced oral pathologists examine the tissue under a microscope to determine the type of cells that make up the abnormality. Doctors may also order other tests to determine how far the cancer has spread. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and Mayo Clinic's other high-resolution imaging techniques enable physicians to effectively diagnose the extent of disease.

• X-rays generate a one-dimensional view of the head and neck to help physicians locate abnormalities of the tongue and other structures of the mouth.

• CT scans generate two-dimensional images of the head and neck that may reveal whether cancer has invaded nearby lymph nodes or other organs.

• MRI technology uses magnetic fields and radio waves to identify small abnormalities in the head and neck in three-dimensional views and to determine whether cancer has spread to other organs.

• PET scans use radioactive materials to identify metabolically active tissues, such as cancer in the tongue, lymph nodes, and other organs, such as the lungs, liver, or bones.