Polycystic kidney disease

Diagnosis

For polycystic kidney disease, certain tests can detect the size and number of kidney cysts you have. Tests also can show how much healthy kidney tissue you have. Tests include:

• MRI scan. As you lie inside a large cylinder, magnetic fields and radio waves show views of your kidneys. This method most often is used to know how badly PKD affects the kidneys, liver or pancreas. MRI can help measure total kidney volume, which helps healthcare professionals know more about your condition.
• Ultrasound. This involves putting a wandlike device called a transducer on your body. It gives off sound waves that go back to the transducer. A computer turns the sound waves into images of your kidneys.
• CT scan. You lie on a table that goes into a big, doughnut-shaped device. The device uses X-ray beams to show images of your kidneys.

Treatment

How bad polycystic kidney disease is varies from person to person. That's true even among people in the same family. Often, people with PKD reach end-stage kidney disease between ages 55 and 65. But some people with PKD have mild disease. They might never get to end-stage kidney disease.

Treating polycystic kidney disease involves dealing with the following symptoms and complications in their early stages:

• Kidney cyst growth. The medicine tolvaptan (Jynarque, Samsca) may be used for adults at risk of ADPKD that's getting worse fast. Tolvaptan is a pill that you swallow that slows how fast kidney cysts grow. It also slows the decline in how well your kidneys work.

  Tolvaptan carries a risk of serious liver injury. And it can interact with other medicines you take. It's best to see a specialist in kidney health, called a nephrologist. A nephrologist can watch for side effects and possible complications of the medicine.

• High blood pressure. Keeping high blood pressure under control can slow the disease and kidney damage. Eating a low-sodium, low-fat diet that's moderate in protein and calories and drinking more fluids may help control blood pressure.

  Other helpful lifestyle changes include not smoking, moving more and easing stress. Smoking can greatly harm the kidneys. It also can speed up the start of kidney failure.

  Medicines most often are needed to control high blood pressure. Medicines called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are often used to control high blood pressure.

• Loss of kidney function. To help your kidneys stay as healthy as possible for as long as possible, experts suggest being at a healthy weight and body mass index. Drinking water and fluids throughout the day may help slow the growth of kidney cysts. This could slow the loss of kidney function. Eating a low-salt diet with less protein might let kidney cysts respond better to more fluids.

• Pain. You might be able to control the pain of polycystic kidney disease with medicines available without a prescription, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Don't take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve). Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines can affect how your kidneys work.

  For worse pain, a healthcare professional might use a needle to draw out cyst fluid and put in a medicine to shrink kidney cysts. The medicine is called a sclerosing agent.

  Or you may need surgery to remove cysts if they're large enough to cause pressure and pain. The surgery is called cyst fenestration.

• Bladder or kidney infections. Treating infections quickly with antibiotics can help prevent kidney damage. You might have a simple bladder infection or a more complicated cyst or kidney infection. For more-complicated infections, you may need to take antibiotics longer.

• Blood in the urine. Drink lots of fluids as soon as you notice blood in your urine. It's best to drink water to dilute the urine. This might help prevent clots from forming in your urinary tract.

  Most often, the bleeding stops on its own. If it doesn't, call your healthcare professional.

• Kidney failure. Your kidneys can stop removing waste and extra fluids from your blood. Then you need either dialysis or a kidney transplant. That's why you need to see your healthcare team regularly.

  You may be able to have a kidney transplant before your kidneys fail. Then you wouldn't need to have dialysis. This is called preemptive kidney transplantation.

• Aneurysms. If you have polycystic kidney disease and a family history of brain aneurysms that burst, your healthcare team may want to do regular screenings for brain aneurysms.

  If you have an aneurysm, surgical clipping might reduce the risk of bleeding. This depends on the size of the aneurysm. Nonsurgical treatment of small aneurysms may involve controlling high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, as well as quitting smoking.

Early treatment offers the best chance of slowing the progress of polycystic kidney disease.

Clinical trials

Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

Coping and support

Having polycystic kidney disease might feel hard to bear. The support of friends and family can help you deal with having the condition. Also, talking with a counselor, psychologist, psychiatrist or clergy member may help.

You also might join a support group. For some people, support groups can have helpful information about treatments and coping. And being with people who know what you're going through might make you feel less alone.

Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area.

Preparing for your appointment

You're likely to start by seeing your primary health professional. Then you might be referred to a specialist in kidney health, called a nephrologist.

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.

What you can do

When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as fasting before certain tests. Make a list of:

• Your symptoms, including any that don't seem linked to the reason for your appointment, and when they began.
• All medicines, vitamins and other supplements you take, including dosages.
• Your and your family's medical history. Be sure to include any history of kidney conditions.
• Questions to ask your care team.

Take a family member or friend with you if you can. Someone who goes with you can help you remember the information you get.

For polycystic kidney disease, questions to ask include:

• What's the most likely cause of my symptoms?
• Are there other possible causes for my symptoms?
• What tests do I need?
• How bad is my condition? Do you have an idea of when I will reach kidney failure or need a kidney transplant or dialysis?
• Is this condition likely to go away or last long?
• What's the best course of action?
• What can be done to keep my cystic disease from getting worse?
• I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
• Do I need to restrict my diet or activities?
• Are there brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you suggest?

Be sure to ask all the questions you have.

What to expect from your doctor

Your care team is likely to ask you questions, such as:

• Do you always have symptoms or do they come and go?
• Does anything seem to make your symptoms better or worse?
• Do you know what your blood pressure typically is?
• Has your kidney function been measured?