Overview

Infant reflux is when a baby spits up liquid or food. It happens when stomach contents move back up from a baby's stomach into the esophagus. The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Reflux happens in healthy infants many times a day. As long as your baby is healthy, content and growing well, reflux is not a cause for concern. Sometimes called gastroesophageal reflux (GER), the condition becomes less common as a baby gets older. It's unusual for infant reflux to continue after age 18 months.

In rare cases, infant reflux leads to weight loss or growth that lags behind other children of the same age and sex. These symptoms may indicate a medical problem. These medical problems may include an allergy, a blockage in the digestive system or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a more serious form of GER that causes serious health issues.

Symptoms

In most cases, infant reflux isn't a cause for concern. It's unusual for stomach contents to have enough acid to irritate the throat or esophagus and cause symptoms.

When to see a doctor

See your baby's health care provider if your baby:

  • Isn't gaining weight.
  • Consistently spits up forcefully, causing stomach contents to shoot out of the mouth. This is called projectile vomiting.
  • Spits up green or yellow fluid.
  • Spits up blood or stomach contents that look like coffee grounds.
  • Refuses to feed or eat.
  • Has blood in the stool.
  • Has difficulty breathing or a cough that won't go away.
  • Begins spitting up at age 6 months or older.
  • Is unusually irritable after eating.
  • Doesn't have much energy.

Some of these symptoms may indicate serious but treatable conditions. These include GERD or a blockage in the digestive tract.

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Causes

In infants, the ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach is not yet fully developed. This muscle is called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). When the LES is not fully developed, it allows stomach contents to flow back up into the esophagus. Over time, the LES typically matures. It opens when your baby swallows and remains tightly closed at other times, keeping stomach contents where they belong.

Some factors that contribute to infant reflux are common in babies and often can't be avoided. These include lying flat most of the time and being fed an almost completely liquid diet.

Sometimes, infant reflux can be caused by more-serious conditions, such as:

  • GERD. The reflux has enough acid to irritate and damage the lining of the esophagus.
  • Pyloric stenosis. A muscular valve allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine as part of digestion. In pyloric stenosis, the valve thickens and becomes larger than it should. The thickened valve then traps food in the stomach and blocks it from entering the small intestine.
  • Food intolerance. A protein in cow's milk is the most common trigger.
  • Eosinophilic esophagitis. A certain type of white blood cell builds up and injures the lining of the esophagus. This white blood cell is called an eosinophil.
  • Sandifer syndrome. This causes irregular tilting and rotation of the head, and movements that resemble seizures. It's a rarely seen consequence of GERD.

Risk factors

Infant reflux is common. But some things make it more likely that a baby will experience infant reflux. These include:

  • Premature birth
  • Lung conditions, such as cystic fibrosis
  • Conditions that affect the nervous system, such as cerebral palsy
  • Previous surgery on the esophagus

Complications

Infant reflux usually resolves on its own. It rarely causes problems for babies.

If your baby has a more serious condition such as GERD, your baby's growth may lag behind that of other children. Some research indicates that babies who have frequent episodes of spitting up might be more likely to develop GERD later in childhood.

Jan. 24, 2023
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