- 1986
ResidentCardiovascular Disease, Programs in Rochester, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
- 1986
Fellow - CardiologyMayo Graduate School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
- 1983
Fellow - Senior Research FellowBiodynamics Research Unit, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
- 1982
Fellow - Research FellowBiodynamics Research Unit, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
- 1979
ResidentInternal Medicine, Programs in Rochester, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
- 1979
Resident - Internal MedicineMayo Graduate School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
- 1976
MDHarvard Medical School
- 1975
Other - Public PolicyJ.F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
- 1973
Other - ProgrammerComputer Medicine Laboratory, Beth Israel Hospital
- 1971
Other - BiologyUniversity of Michigan
- 1970
BS - MathematicsMichigan State University